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A bit of history...
Districts of Rome in the Gregorian Cadastre
In Italy, the municipal cadastres or estimates of the Middle Ages established that citizens had to register their movable and immovable property in them. There were often great differences between the states. With the Napoleonic Empire, officials applied a common model.
However, only with the unification of Italy was there a major reworking of the land registries, as the systems used in the pre-unification states still differed from each other in method and evidence; some were geometric, others descriptive, some lacked triangulations, measurements, scales, and various bases.
The first law of unified Italy on the matter, law no. 1831 of July 14, 1864, later called the "law on provisional adjustment", as it was supposed to last until 1867, attempted to define the land tax in the newly born kingdom. The results were poor also due to the imposition, which was based on surfaces rather than their profitability.
Subsequently, law no. 3682 of March 1, 1886, Messedaglia law, on land equalization was enacted. It ordered the establishment of a cadastre for the purpose of calculating taxes, with the adoption of the Cassini-Soldner cartographic representation system. The law failed to overcome the different management, which in some areas of northern Italy had made the so-called "land register" non-interchangeable: it is still in use in the provinces of Trieste, Trento, Bolzano, and Belluno.
With this law, the intention was to promote a standardization that would allow for probative value, but the correspondence of the state of fact to that of law, which involved complex procedures in the re-execution of terminations and in the re-elaboration of fiducial points, was not achieved due to organizational shortcomings of the entities responsible. The classical cadastre therefore remains non-probative.
In 1901, the Ministry of Finance established the General Directorate of Cadastre and Technical Services. Law no. 321/1901 introduced the "type of subdivision". The consolidated text of the laws on the new cadastre was then approved with R.D. no. 1572 of October 8, 1931, followed by the regulation of R.D. no. 2153 of December 8, 1938 (regulation for the conservation of the land cadastre). These introduced the separation between land cadastre and building cadastre.
The building cadastre, established by law no. 652 of September 11, 1939, amended by decree law no. 514 of April 8, 1948, came into force with the implementing regulation referred to in D.P.R. no. 1142 of 01/12/1949 - the New Urban Building Cadastre (NCEU) and in conservation on January 1, 1962). It will take three decades to lay its foundations, following preliminary verification work, and to proceed with subsequent operations of qualification, classification, and tariff formation.
In 1940, the Gauss-Boaga representation system was adopted, initially for some local geodetic recordings, then for general cartography. With law no. 1043 of August 17, 1941, the cadastre underwent one of the first and numerous reforms that have occurred over the years: in fact, law no. 68 of February 2, 1960, admitted the administration of the cadastre into the State's cartographic bodies, and with law no. 679 of October 1, 1969, the "map type" was introduced.
In the 1980s, the paper material of the old land registry was computerized and digitized. The cadastral maps existing on huge sheets, often damaged, were scanned by ultra-large format scanners, cleaned of stains, lines due to folds, and dirt.
The project, which lasted several years, managed by Sogei who had won the tender, led to the installation of 93 data processing centers across the national territory (one for each provincial capital) containing the maps and information related to the province.
In the 2000s, access to information was made possible via the internet, both for institutional subjects (surveyors, entities) and for private individuals.
Characteristics of the Italian Cadastre
The Italian land registry is for tax purposes; for this reason, two incomes are calculated for each property: cadastral income and agricultural income.
The current cadastre in Italy is, as stated in the first article of its founding law, "geometric", parcel-based and not 'probative': its records, although they partially contain the changes in ownership of the registered properties, do not have full proof of ownership, according to the definition in the 1886 regulation.
In the ordinary cadastre, in fact, the records related to the maintenance of the building cadastre are "registered" to names, not to properties.
The transfer of ownership, for purchase or inheritance, of land or property is immediately registered at the local registry office, and after a few months at the land registry.
Management
The cadastre and related services, as well as geotopographic and those related to the conservatories of real estate registers, are managed by the Revenue Agency, which since December 1, 2012, has incorporated the Land Agency, and by the municipalities that have chosen to exercise the cadastral functions assigned to them by specific agreements.